A grounded radiator used to measure earth conductivity
A horizontal radiator used to compare Yagi antennas
A theoretical radiator used to compare other antennas
A spacecraft radiator used to direct signals toward the earth

When comparing the gains of directional antennas
When testing a transmission line for standing-wave ratio
When directing a transmission toward the tropical latitudes
When using a dummy load to tune a transmitter

About 1.5 dB
About 2.1 dB
About 3.0 dB
About 6.0 dB

Quarter-wave vertical
Yagi
Half-wave dipole
Isotropic radiator

A teardrop in the vertical plane
A circle in the horizontal plane
A sphere with the antenna in the center
Crossed polarized with a spiral shape

To match impedances for maximum power transfer
To measure the near-field radiation density from a transmitting antenna
To calculate the front-to-side ratio of the antenna
To calculate the front-to-back ratio of the antenna

Transmission-line length and antenna height
Antenna location with respect to nearby objects and the conductors' length/diameter ratio
It is a physical constant and is the same for all antennas
Sunspot activity and time of day

Effective radiated power
Radiation conversion loss
Antenna efficiency
Beamwidth

Radiation resistance plus space impedance
Radiation resistance plus transmission resistance
Transmission-line resistance plus radiation resistance
Radiation resistance plus ohmic resistance

A dipole one-quarter wavelength long
A type of ground-plane antenna
A dipole whose ends are connected by a one-half wavelength piece of wire
A hypothetical antenna used in theoretical discussions to replace the radiation resistance

The numerical ratio relating the radiated signal strength of an antenna to that of another antenna
The numerical ratio of the signal in the forward direction to the signal in the back direction
The numerical ratio of the amount of power radiated by an antenna compared to the transmitter output power
The final amplifier gain minus the transmission-line losses(including any phasing lines present)

Antenna length divided by the number of elements
The frequency range over which an antenna can be expected to perform well
The angle between the half-power radiation points
The angle formed between two imaginary lines drawn through the ends of the elements

Note the two points where the signal strength of the antenna is down3 dB from the maximum signal point and compute the angular difference
Measure the ratio of the signal strengths of the radiated power lobes from the front and rear of the antenna
Draw two imaginary lines through the ends of the elements and measure the angle between the lines
Measure the ratio of the signal strengths of the radiated power lobes from the front and side of the antenna

(radiation resistance / transmission resistance) x 100%
(radiation resistance / total resistance) x 100%
(total resistance / radiation resistance) x 100%
(effective radiated power / transmitter output) x 100%

By installing a good ground radial system
By isolating the coax shield from ground
By shortening the vertical
By lengthening the vertical

Quarter-wave vertical
Yagi
Bobtail curtain
Isotropic radiator

About 3.9 dB
About 6.0 dB
About 8.1 dB
About 10.0 dB

About 6.1 dB
About 9.9 dB
About 12.0 dB
About 14.1 dB

Directivity in the E plane
Directivity in the H plane
Directivity in the Z plane
No directivity at all

The combined losses of the antenna elements and feed line
The specific impedance of the antenna
The equivalent resistance that would dissipate the same amount of power as that radiated from an antenna
The resistance in the atmosphere that an antenna must overcome to be able to radiate a signal

The orientation of its magnetic field (H Field)
The orientation of its free-space characteristic impedance
The orientation of its electric field (E Field)
Its elevation pattern

75 degrees
50 degrees
25 degrees
30 degrees

36 dB
18 dB
24 dB
14 dB

12 dB
14 dB
18 dB
24 dB

Radiation resistance
E-Field and H-Field patterns
Loss resistance
All of these choices

The gain may fall off rapidly over the whole frequency band
The feed-point impedance may change radically with frequency
The rearward pattern lobes may vary excessively with frequency
The dielectric constant may vary significantly

The front-to-back ratio increases
The feed-point impedance becomes very low
The frequency response is widened over the whole frequency band
The SWR is reduced

The gain increases
The SWR decreases
The front-to-back ratio increases
The gain bandwidth decreases rapidly

Graphical analysis
Method of Moments
Mutual impedance analysis
Calculus differentiation with respect to physical properties

A wire is modeled as a series of segments, each having a distinct value of current
A wire is modeled as a single sine-wave current generator
A wire is modeled as a series of points, each having a distinct location in space
A wire is modeled as a series of segments, each having a distinct value of voltage across it

Unidirectional cardioid
Omnidirectional
Figure-8 broadside to the antennas
Figure-8 end-fire in line with the antennas

Unidirectional cardioid
Figure-8 end-fire
Figure-8 broadside
Omnidirectional

Omnidirectional
Cardioid unidirectional
Figure-8 broadside to the antennas
Figure-8 end-fire in line with the antennas

Omnidirectional
Cardioid unidirectional
Figure-8 broadside to the antennas
Figure-8 end-fire in line with the antennas

Omnidirectional
Cardioid unidirectional
Figure-8 broadside to the antennas
Figure-8 end-fire in line with the antennas

Substantially unidirectional
Elliptical
Cardioid unidirectional
Figure-8 end-fire in line with the antennas

Unidirectional; four-sided, each side a half-wavelength long;terminated in a resistance equal to its characteristic impedance
Bidirectional; four-sided, each side approximately one wavelength long; open at the end opposite the transmission line connection
Four-sided; an LC network at each vertex except for the transmission connection; tuned to resonate at the operating frequency
Four-sided, each side of a different physical length; traps at each vertex for changing resonance according to band usage

Wide frequency range, high gain and high front-to-back ratio
High front-to-back ratio, compact size and high gain
Unidirectional radiation pattern, high gain and compact size
Bidirectional radiation pattern, high gain and wide frequency range

A large area for proper installation and a narrow bandwidth
A large area for proper installation and a low front-to-back ratio
A large area and four sturdy supports for proper installation
A large amount of aluminum tubing and a low front-to-back ratio

It reflects the standing waves on the antenna elements back to the transmitter
It changes the radiation pattern from essentially bidirectional to essentially unidirectional
It changes the radiation pattern from horizontal to vertical polarization
It decreases the ground loss

Elevation pattern
Azimuth pattern
E-Plane pattern
Polarization pattern

45 degrees
75 degrees
7.5 degrees
25 degrees

15 dB
28 dB
3 dB
24 dB

4
3
1
7

The low-angle radiation decreases
The high-angle radiation increases
Both the high- and low-angle radiation decrease
The low-angle radiation increases

4 radial wires, 1 wavelength long
8 radial wires, a half-wavelength long
A wire-mesh screen at the antenna base, an eighth-wavelength square
4 radial wires, 2 wavelengths long

For best performance it must not exceed 1/4 wavelength in length at the desired frequency
For best performance it must be mounted more than 1 wavelength above ground at the desired frequency
For best performance it should be configured as a four-sided loop
For best performance it should be longer than one wavelength

Vertically
Horizontally
Right-hand elliptically
Left-hand elliptically

The conductivity and dielectric constant of the soil
The radiation resistance of the antenna
The SWR on the transmission line
The transmitter output power

They reduce the far-field ground losses
They reduce the near-field ground losses, compared to on-ground radial systems using more radials
They reduce the radiation angle
None of these choices is correct

An antenna resonant at approximately double the frequency of the intended band of operation
An open-ended bidirectional antenna
A unidirectional antenna terminated in a resistance equal to its characteristic impedance
A horizontal triangular antenna consisting of two adjacent sides and the long diagonal of a resonant rhombic antenna

Height, transmitter power and antennas of satellite
Length of transmission line and impedance match between receiver and transmission line
Preamplifier location on transmission line and presence or absence of RF amplifier stages
Height of earth antenna and satellite orbit

Satellite antennas and height, satellite receiver sensitivity
Path loss, earth antenna gain, signal-to-noise ratio
Satellite transmitter power and orientation of ground receiving antenna
Elevation of satellite above horizon, signal-to-noise ratio,satellite transmitter power

10 degrees
20 degrees
45 degrees
60 degrees

Gain does not change
Gain is multiplied by 0.707
Gain increases 6 dB
Gain increases 3 dB

Stack two Yagis, fed 90 degrees out of phase, to form an array with the respective elements in parallel planes
Stack two Yagis, fed in phase, to form an array with the respective elements in parallel planes
Arrange two Yagis perpendicular to each other, with the driven elements in the same plane, fed 90 degrees out of phase
Arrange two Yagis perpendicular to each other, with the driven elements in the same plane, fed in phase

It increases geometrically
It increases arithmetically
It is essentially unaffected
It decreases

In order to track the satellite as it orbits the earth
Because the antennas are large and heavy
In order to point the antenna above the horizon to avoid terrestrial interference
To rotate antenna polarization along the azimuth and elevate the system towards the satellite

Near the center of the vertical radiator
As low as possible on the vertical radiator
As close to the transmitter as possible
At a voltage node

To swamp out harmonics
To maximize losses
To minimize losses
To minimize the Q

It will radiate harmonics
It can only be used for single-band operation
It is too sharply directional at lower frequencies
It must be neutralized

The driven element reactance is capacitive
The driven element reactance is inductive
The driven element resonance is lower than the operating frequency
The driven element radiation resistance is higher than the characteristic impedance of the transmission line

Pi network
Pi-L network
L network
Parallel-resonant tank

It is increased
It is decreased
No change occurs
It becomes flat

Lower Q
Greater structural strength
Higher losses
Improved radiation efficiency

300 ohms
72 ohms
50 ohms
450 ohms

To improve reception
To lower the losses
To lower the Q
To tune out the capacitive reactance

It has high directivity in the higher-frequency bands
It has high gain
It minimizes harmonic radiation
It may be used for multi-band operation

The resistance decreases and the capacitive reactance decreases
The resistance decreases and the capacitive reactance increases
The resistance increases and the capacitive reactance decreases
The resistance increases and the capacitive reactance increases

3.2 degrees
6.4 degrees
37 degrees
60 degrees

72 degrees
52 degrees
36 degrees
3.6 degrees

34 degrees
45 degrees
58 degrees
51 degrees

The gamma matching system
The delta matching system
The omega matching system
The stub matching system

The gamma matching system
The delta matching system
The omega matching system
The stub matching system

The gamma matching system
The delta matching system
The omega matching system
The stub matching system

14 pF
140 pF
1400 pF
0.14 pF

0.2 pF
0.7 pF
700 pF
70 pF

The ratio of the characteristic impedance of the line to the terminating impedance
The index of shielding for coaxial cable
The velocity of the wave on the transmission line multiplied by the velocity of light in a vacuum
The velocity of the wave on the transmission line divided by the velocity of light in a vacuum

The termination impedance
The line length
Dielectrics in the line
The center conductor resistivity

Skin effect is less pronounced in the coaxial cable
The characteristic impedance is higher in a parallel feed line
The surge impedance is higher in a parallel feed line
RF energy moves slower along the coaxial cable

2.70
0.66
0.30
0.10

20 meters
2.3 meters
3.5 meters
0.2 meters

15 meters
20 meters
10 meters
71 meters

Characteristic impedance
Reflection coefficient
Velocity factor
Dielectric Constant

An SWR less than 1:1
A reflection coefficient greater than 1
A dielectric constant greater than 1
An SWR greater than 1:1

Lower loss in dB/100 feet
Higher SWR
Smaller reflection coefficient
Lower velocity factor

Velocity factor
Characteristic impedance
Surge impedance
Standing wave ratio

velocity factor of 0.66.)
10 meters
6.9 meters
24 meters

A capacitive reactance
The same as the characteristic impedance of the line
An inductive reactance
The same as the input impedance to the final generator stage

The same as the characteristic impedance of the line
An inductive reactance
A capacitive reactance
The same as the input impedance of the final generator stage

A very high impedance
A very low impedance
The same as the characteristic impedance of the line
The same as the input impedance to the final generator stage

A very high impedance
A very low impedance
The same as the characteristic impedance of the transmission line
The same as the generator output impedance

A very high impedance
A very low impedance
The same as the characteristic impedance of the line
The same as the output impedance of the generator

A very high impedance
A very low impedance
The same as the characteristic impedance of the line
The same as the output impedance of the generator